Brian james lucas biography of christopher columbus

This term refers to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old World and the New World. The exchange of flora and fauna also had profound impacts on the ecosystems of both hemispheres. Additionally, the introduction of diseases, such as smallpox, had devastating effects on indigenous populations, who lacked immunity to these new illnesses.

The Columbian Exchange greatly transformed agriculture, diet, and culture on both sides of the Atlantic.

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After his initial voyage, Columbus returned to the Americas on subsequent journeys, leading to the establishment of settlements and colonies. For example, he established La Navidad on the island of Hispaniola present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic during his first voyage. Although La Navidad did not survive, it marked the beginning of European presence in the Americas.

Prior to his explorations, there was a prevailing belief that the Earth was flat, and many feared that sailing too far west would result in falling off the edge of the world. His voyages contributed to the production of new maps and charts, improved navigational techniques, and a greater understanding of global geography. This expansion of geographical knowledge had far-reaching effects, paving the way for future explorers and navigators.

The idea, however, must have intrigued the monarchs, because they kept Columbus on a retainer. Columbus continued to lobby the royal court, and soon, the Spanish army captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada in January Shortly thereafter, the monarchs agreed to finance his expedition. On October 12,after 36 days of sailing westward across the Atlantic, Columbus and several crewmen set foot on an island in present-day Bahamas, claiming it for Spain.

There, his crew encountered a timid but friendly group of natives who were open to trade with the sailors. They exchanged glass beads, cotton balls, parrots, and spears. The Europeans also noticed bits of gold the natives wore for adornment.

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Columbus and his men continued their journey, visiting the islands of Cuba which he thought was mainland China and Hispaniola now Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which Columbus thought might be Japan and meeting with the leaders of the native population. During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the settlement.

Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail for home with the two remaining ships. Returning to Spain inColumbus gave a glowing but somewhat exaggerated report and was warmly received by the royal court. InColumbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred.

Spurning the wishes of the local queen, Columbus established a forced labor policy upon the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population. Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Giacomo to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands, further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China.

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The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages. After convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on his fourth and final voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in This time he traveled along the eastern coast of Central America in an unsuccessful search for a route to the Indian Ocean.

A storm wrecked one of his ships, stranding the captain and his sailors on the island of Cuba. Graham Lowry H. Albarelli Jr. Blavatsky H. Wells Hadley Cantril Halford J. Janis J. Masterman J. Fetzer James Lindsay James M. Loftus John J. Mearsheimer John Keegan John L. Casey John O. Sarna Jonathan M. Fletcher Prouty L. Lewin Lily E. LaRouche Jr.

Lynn Picknett Lysander Spooner M. Antelman Mary J. Mortimer J. Adler Moses Hess Myron C. Fisher Paul H. Chapman Paul L. He also began to hatch the plan that would change the world forever. How and when did humans first set foot in North America? Here are three theories. At the end of the 15th century, it was nearly impossible to reach Asia from Europe by land.

The route was long and arduous, and encounters with hostile armies were difficult to avoid. Portuguese explorers solved this problem by taking to the sea: They sailed south along the West African coast and around the Cape of Good Hope. But Columbus had a different idea: Why not sail west across the Atlantic instead of around the massive African continent?

He argued incorrectly that the circumference of the Earth was much smaller than his contemporaries believed it was; accordingly, he believed that the journey by boat from Europe to Asia should be not only possible, but comparatively easy via an as-yet undiscovered Northwest Passage. He presented his plan to officials in Portugal and England, but it was not until that he found a sympathetic audience: the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.

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Columbus wanted fame and fortune. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted the same, along with the opportunity to export Catholicism to lands across the globe. Columbus, a devout Catholic, was equally enthusiastic about this possibility. There they established a colony named Vineland meaning fertile region […]. Leif Eriksson Day commemorates the Norse explorer believed to have led the first European expedition to North America.

On October 12, the ships made landfall—not in the East Indies, as Columbus assumed, but on one of the Bahamian islands, likely San Salvador. In Januaryleaving several dozen men behind in a makeshift settlement on Hispaniola present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republiche left for Spain. He kept a detailed diary during his first voyage. More troublingly, it also recorded his initial impressions of the local people and his argument for why they should be enslaved.