Jacques benigne bossuet biography of barack obama

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And then life happens: a memoir. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Jacques benigne bossuet biography of barack obama: From the more developed

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Archived from the original on May 27, University of Chicago Law School. March 27, He was born on September 27, in Dijon. Inhe obtained a doctorate in theology. InLouis XIV appointed him as a preacher at the Chapelle Royale, where Bossuet delivered some of his best sermons and famous funeral orations. Inhe was entrusted with the education of the Dauphin the heir to the French throne.

Inhe became the bishop of Meaux and dedicated the rest of his life to defending the Catholic religion. Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess. Still, Bossuet's nine years at court were by no means wasted. Bossuet's tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction, including not just handwriting samples, but also manuals of philosophy, history, and religion fit for a future King of France.

The three books fit into each other. The Discours is a history of God's dealings with humanity in the past. Bossuet's conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon.

Then, too, the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed, to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights. The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties, but his son, the Petit Dauphinwould bear them in mind. The tutor's imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopiawith a Christian philosopher on the throne.

That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms: " le roi, Jesus-Christ et l'Eglise, Dieu en ces trois noms " "the king, Jesus Christ, and the Church, God in His three names"he says in a characteristic letter. The object of his books was to provide authority with a rational basis. Bossuet's worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason- what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself.

The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple. Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs. History shows that this governance is, for the most part, indirect, exercised through certain venerable corporations, as well civil and ecclesiastical, all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God.

Thus all revolt, whether civil or religious, is a direct defiance of the Almighty.

Jacques benigne bossuet biography of barack obama: Australian politician, writer and lawyer,

Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster, and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine. The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war; the France of his adulthood, brought together under an absolute sovereign, had suddenly burgeoned into a splendour comparable only with ancient Rome.

Why not, then, strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time? Bossuet's own Discours sur l'histoire universelle might have furnished an answer, for there the fall of many empires is detailed; but then the Discours was composed with a single purpose in mind. To Bossuet, the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world.

He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Romehe only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica.

Jacques benigne bossuet biography of barack obama: "God," wrote the French bishop

Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet. While Pascal might refer to the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes. It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it.

Bossuet, accordingly, made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes, and in this way, his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories. Therefore, Bossuet attempted to steer a middle course. Inbefore the general Assembly of the French Clergyhe preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise.

As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declarationBossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could, and when the Pope declared it null and void, he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicanionly published after his death. The Gallican storm a little abated, he turned back to a project very near his heart.

Ever since the early days at Metzhe had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church. Inhe converted Turenne ; inhe published an Exposition de la foi catholique "Exposition of the Catholic Faith"so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste.

Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible. His argument is simple enough. Without rules, an organized society cannot hold together, and rules require an authorized interpreter. The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that, the longer they lived, the more they varied on increasingly important points.

The Protestant Minister Pierre Jurieu having responded to the Histoire des variationsBossuet published the Avertissements aux protestants sur les lettres du ministre Jurieu contre l'Histoire des variations Warnings to Protestants on the letters of Minister Jurieu against the History of Variations— Paul, [ 10 ] to remain in their state, and does not oblige their masters to free them.

For the moment, the Protestants were pulverized; but before long, they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil. Between andBossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion, but negotiations broke down precisely at this point. Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines, but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today.

We prefer, he said, a church eternally variable and forever moving forwards. Next, Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Rome's own variations; and here, they were backed up by Richard Simona priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France. He accused St AugustineBossuet's own special master, of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace.

Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la traditionbut Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still.

Jacques benigne bossuet biography of barack obama: Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet was a

Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions, such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux, he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book. Bossuet denounced him again and again; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more. Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still. I am also wondering if you might be able to recommend a few good books that compare presidents and their leadership traits?

Thanks again so very much. December 21, at am. The rifle-shot topic which has long been of great interest to me is the question of what makes a great president and how would one really attempt to go about comparing presidents from different eras who each faced a variety of dissimilar challenges. Like Loading Steve said: February 18, at pm. Many thanks for the project, for your reviews.

Best of luck. Thank you! John said: February 28, at pm. Steve said: February 28, at pm. Richard M Dasheiff said: December 2, at pm.