Handlangers van hitler biography

In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandumwere to be regarded as his "political testament". In Februaryon the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von RibbentropHitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan.

Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuothe Japanese puppet state in Manchuriaand renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia.

In April Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. On 14 Marchunder threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany.

In private handlangers vans hitler biography inHitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of handlangers van hitler biography.

This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ ] and the non-aggression pact the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalinincluded a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steelprompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September.

On 1 SeptemberGermany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridorwhich Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg "sitting war".

Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Warthelandto Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity".

On 15 MayHimmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway. On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reichhis vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership.

These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk[ ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader, Winston Churchilland upon their rejection he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England.

On 7 September the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouthand Coventry. Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union.

In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslaviaquickly followed by the invasion of Greece. By early August, Axis troops had advanced km miles and won the Battle of Smolensk. Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev.

Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories inHitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. OverAxis soldiers were killed andwere taken prisoner. Marshal Pietro Badoglioplaced in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies.

On 6 Junethe Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious handlangers vans hitler biography in history, Operation Overlord. Between andthere were numerous plans to assassinate Hitlersome of which proceeded to significant degrees. Hitler narrowly survived because staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast.

Later, Hitler ordered savage reprisals resulting in the execution of more than 4, people. By Marchat least seven indictments had been filed against him. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker.

Roosevelt on 12 Aprilbut contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youthwho were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salientwhile the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack.

During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler inquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred JodlHans Krebsand Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost".

By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs who had committed suicide that dayand Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them.

Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!

The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs.

The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. The records of the Wannsee Conferenceheld on 20 January and led by Heydrich, with fifteen senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews".

Between andthe Schutzstaffel SSassisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least eleven million non-combatants, [ ] [ ] including the murders of about 6 million Jews representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe[ ] [ i ] and betweenand 1, Romani people.

Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians[ ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war[ ] communists and other political opponents, homosexualsthe physically and mentally disabled, [ ] [ ] Jehovah's WitnessesAdventistsand trade unionists.

Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex.

Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. His cabinet never met afterand he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader.

He strengthened his control of the armed forces inand subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure.

Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain.

Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes".

Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndromeskin lesionsirregular heartbeatcoronary sclerosis[ ] Parkinson's disease[ ] [ ] syphilis[ ] giant-cell arteritis[ ] tinnitus[ ] and monorchism. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder.

Sometime in the s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet[ ] [ ] avoiding all meat and fish from onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor MorellHitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments.

For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us]. According to historian Joachim FestHitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null Zero Hour.

Rummelthe Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated Historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". RobertsHitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed.

Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality. He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahlregarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version.

In other projects. Dictator of Nazi Germany from to Austria until Stateless — Germany from Eva Braun. German Army from Army Group A Adolf Hitler's voice. This article is part of a series about. Rise to power. Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament. World War II. Crimes against humanity. Electoral campaigns. Image and legacy.

See also: Hitler family. Hitler's father, Aloisc. Hitler's mother, Klaras. Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich. See also: Paintings by Adolf Hitler. Main article: Military career of Adolf Hitler. Main article: Political views of Adolf Hitler. Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison. Main article: Beer Hall Putsch. Rebuilding the Nazi Party.

Main article: Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Appointment as chancellor. Reichstag fire and March elections. Main article: Reichstag fire. Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act. Main article: Enabling Act of Main article: Nazi Germany. Main article: Economy of Nazi Germany. Rearmament and new alliances. Main articles: Axis powersTripartite Pactand German re-armament.

Early diplomatic successes. See also: Germany—Japan relations. Austria and Czechoslovakia. Main article: Death of Adolf Hitler. Main articles: The Holocaust and Final Solution. Main article: Hitler family. See also: Sexuality of Adolf Hitler. Main article: Religious views of Adolf Hitler. Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburgwho had been serving as President.

Kershawp. Would Fight". The San Francisco Chronicle. Aigner, Dietrich In Koch, H. Aspects of the Third Reich. London: MacMillan. ISBN Doyle, D February Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. PMID Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press. Beevor, Antony Berlin: The Downfall London: Viking-Penguin Books.

Bendersky, Joseph W A History of Nazi Germany: — Bloch, Michael New York: Crown Publishing. Bonney, Richard Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. Archived from the original PDF on 4 March Retrieved 19 April Bracher, Karl Dietrich The German Dictatorship. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books. Bullock, Alan []. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny.

London: Penguin Books. Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon Carr, William Arms, Autarky and Aggression. London: Edward Arnold.

Handlangers van hitler biography: Biografie van zes handlangers van de

Conway, John S. The Nazi Persecution of the Churches — Crandell, William F. Presidential Studies Quarterly. JSTOR Deighton, Len New York: Random House. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Dollinger, Hans []. New York: Gramercy. Dorland, Michael Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Downing, David The Nazi Death Camps. World Almanac Library of the Holocaust.

Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. Ellis, John London: Aurum. While recovering in Pasewalk, the unthinkable happened — Germany surrendered. Before the surrender, facing serious discontent at home and the prospect of defeat at the front, Germany's High Command sought to shift the blame. The majority parties in the Reichstag were handed a poisoned chalice.

They were given more power but implicated in the impending defeat. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated days before Armistice. Like others, Hitler was enraged by what he saw as the betrayal of an undefeated German Army by Jews and socialists at home. He resolved to go into politics. To the victors the spoils: when the Treaty of Versailles was signed in summerGermany was forced to accept sole responsibility for the war.

Just as damaging, the peace obliged Germany to pay large amounts in reparations. The huge loss of territory it also dictated came as a devastating blow. Hitler bitterly resented it. Defeat and then humiliation at Versailles challenged his whole sense of worth. Still in the army, Hitler was sent to report on an emerging far-right group, the German Workers' Party later renamed the Nazi Party.

Finding he agreed with their nationalist, anti-Semitic beliefs, he joined. In February he spoke before a crowd of nearly 6, in Munich. To publicise the meeting, he engaged in propaganda tactics — sending out party supporters in trucks with swastikas to leaflet the area. But the party executive, including founder Anton Drexler, were uneasy at Hitler's growing popularity.

In an effort to weaken his position, they formed an alliance with a socialist group while Hitler was in Berlin visiting other nationalist parties. It backfired spectacularly. Hitler promptly resigned and rejoined only when he was handed sole control. Hyperinflation saw the price of a loaf of bread rise from marks to billion by November. Hitler sought to start a revolution.

Hitler burst in with his storm troopers the SA — a motley crew of far-right paramilitaries. At gunpoint, Kahr was forced to pledge support. The next day, Hitler led 3, men onto the streets. But the police were waiting.

Handlangers van hitler biography: Anthony "Tony" Read (born 21 April

In the ensuing violence, 16 Nazis and 3 policemen died. Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for treason. Hitler served just nine months of his sentence in the Bavarian fortress of Landsberg am Lech. Here he wrote Mein Kampf, defining his political vision. For him, the state was not an economic entity but racial. He declared the superiority of a white Aryan race, with particular vitriol reserved for the Jews he viewed as "parasites".

Their elimination, he said, "must necessarily be a bloody process". Mein Kampf outlined the central tenets of a Germany under Nazi control — military expansion, elimination of "impure" races and dictatorial authoritarianism. After the failure of his revolution Hitler looked to the ballot box. But despite his own rising profile, in the Nazis won just 2.

A resurgent German economy had seen public opinion move to the political centre. Events on the other side of the world would change all that. When the American stock exchange collapsed, the foreign loans on which Germany's economic recovery relied were called in. Unemployment rose to six million and parties on both the extreme left and right saw support skyrocket.

German President von Hindenburg's concern at growing Communist support persuaded him to give Hitler the post of Chancellor in January. Despite applying to the Academy of Fine Arts twice, he was rejected on both occasions. During these challenging years, Hitler developed a strong interest in German nationalism and anti-Semitism, which would later shape his political ideology.

With limited financial resources, he often stayed in homeless shelters and relied on small revenues from selling postcards, laying a tumultuous foundation for his future ideological and political exploits. Through fiery oratory and nationalistic rhetoric, Hitler gained traction among disillusioned Germans, positioning himself as a champion of German nationalism and a fierce opponent of the Treaty of Versailles.

By the early s, Germany faced massive unemployment and economic strain, creating fertile ground for Hitler's extremist views. In the elections, Hitler ran for the presidency against the aging Paul von Hindenburg and garnered significant public support, solidifying his status as a formidable political figure. Hitler swiftly moved to establish a dictatorship through the Reichstag Fire Decree and the passage of the Enabling Act, which allowed him to bypass legislative processes and suppress opposition.

By consolidating power, he engineered the elimination of rival political parties and declared the Nazi Party the sole legal party in Germany, effectively ending the democratic era and paving the way for his totalitarian regime. Adolf Hitler rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in and transformed the nation into a totalitarian state under Nazi rule.

He achieved significant economic revival from the Great Depression through massive public works projects, including the construction of the Autobahn, which reduced unemployment and fostered a sense of national pride. However, this economic recovery came at an enormous human cost, marked by the implementation of systemic policies that marginalized and persecuted various groups, particularly Jews, establishing a regime where dissent was brutally eradicated.

He had a closer relationship with his mother, and her death from cancer when he was 17 was traumatic for him. Hitler had a normal education. As a young man, he showed no special talents. His own account, in his book Mein Kampfis not entirely accurate: by the time he wrote it, he wanted to make it appear that he had adopted anti-semitic ideas quite early in his life.

Most handlangers vans hitler biography assumed that his political career was over. The extreme economic problems that had weakened the Weimar Republic in its first few years eased starting inand fewer people were attracted to political extremism. The best biographies of Hitler : historians rely on the three serious and thoroughly researched biographies of Hitler.

There are other good books about Hitler, but there is also an enormous literature of very dubious quality dealing with him, which often relates rumor as if it was fact.

Handlangers van hitler biography: Een goede introductie in de

The three essential books about Hitler are:. Hitler: Essential Background Information. It was also a hotbed of ethnic conflict, as members of all the different populations of the Austrian Empire Czechs, Poles, Croats, Hungarians migrated to the rapidly growing capital. He also probably read some of the widely circulated racist and anti-semitic literature that was easily available in the city.

Many of these pamphlets also claimed that Jews were the main architects of modern capitalism, and that they lived off the sweat of honest non-Jewish workers.