Biography of any two famous scientists today

His lab is presently investigating how life first evolved on the early earth, specifically the physical and chemical factors that aided the shift from chemical evolution to biological evolution. Harold E. Varmus Harold E. Varmus, a biologist and the current director of the National Cancer Institute, was born on December 18, Varmus is well recognized for his studies on the hepatitis B virus family, retrovirus replication cycles, the activities of genes linked to cancer, and the creation of animal models for human cancer.

John Craig Venter is an American biotechnologist and businessman who was born on October 14, He is renowned for organizing the biography of any two famous scientists today team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome and heading one of the initial draft sequencings of the human genome. Venter also established the J. He is currently attempting to construct synthetic biological entities at JCVI.

James Watson James Dewey Watson is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist who was born on April 6, Together with Carol W. Greider, Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that renews the telomere, in Richard Dawkins is an evolutionary biologist and expert on animal behavior. He is well-known for his ability to explain concepts from his research and beyond to non-specialists.

Thus, he has played a critical role in increasing public understanding of science. He is also well-known for his views on eliminating religion from science education and public policy. He is a strong supporter of the survival of the fittest theory and believes that our behavior is preprogrammed in our DNA. He is a strong critic of creationism and frequently appears in the media to express his views.

GOV- Wikimedia Commons. American scientist Allen Joseph Bard was born on December 18, His current research is concentrated on utilizing solar energy to create sustainable energy. His University of Texas lab experiments with several chemical substances in the pursuit of a substance that will perform synthetic photosynthesis. If such discoveries are not found, Bard is adamant that humanity would be in serious difficulty once fossil fuels run out.

His work in polymers, including macroporous separation media, dendrimers, polymer-supported chemistry, chemically amplified photoresists, and polymers for therapeutics, is what is most well-known about him. He was listed as one of the top ten chemists in His research focuses on the design, fundamental comprehension, synthesis, and applications of functional macromolecules, with an emphasis on organic synthesis and polymer chemistry applied to nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Martin Karplus, an American and Austrian theoretical chemist, was born on March 15, In addition, he has made significant contributions to theoretical chemistry through the writing of textbooks like Atoms and Molecules : An Introduction for Students of Physical Chemistry and Proteins : A Theoretical Perspective of Dynamics, Structure, and Thermodynamics.

The physical characteristics of molecules with biological importance are a focus of his current research. Henry F. With a Thomson Reuters H-Index of as ofhe is one of the most often mentioned chemists in the entire globe. Schaefer is credited with creating the area of computational quantum chemistry and advancing it into a dependable quantitative field of study in chemistry.

American chemist and nanotechnologist James Mitchell Tour born is also a prominent proponent of pseudoscience, notably rejecting the study of abiogenesis and endorsing young earth creationism. He holds academic appointments at Rice University in Houston, Texas, where he teaches computer science, materials science, and chemistry. With an h-index of and more thantotal citations, Tour is a leading researcher in his area and was recognized as an ISI Highly Cited Researcher.

The field of molecular electronics, which deals with nanoscale electrical devices using molecular switching molecules, has benefited the most from his contributions. George M. He is renowned for his work in a wide range of chemistry-related fields, including molecular self-assembly and self-organization, organometallic chemistry, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, nanotechnology, NMR spectroscopy, and origin of life studies.

Inhe obtained the highest Hirsch index rating of all active chemists. Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and malarialologist Tu Youyou was born on December 30, Campbell for her work, which also earned her the Lasker Award in clinical medicine. Paul Anastas Paul T. Anastas, an American scientist, inventor, author, businessman, educator, and public servant, was born on May 16,in Quincy, Massachusetts.

He supports sustainability science and innovation for preserving the environment. Born on October 10,Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi is an American scientist and Nobel laureate who is renowned for her extensive work in both biology and chemistry. Her most recent work includes the manufacture of chemical instruments to investigate the role of glycans, which are sugars found on cell surfaces, in conditions like cancer, inflammation, and viral infections like COVID She currently holds the Anne T.

Eric R. He is well-known for his periodic table books and philosophy of chemistry. He has also published two books of his own research papers and edited three books on the philosophy of chemistry and the elements. His books have been translated into 12 different languages, and he is currently working on a new book about rare earth elements. He is also the founder and editor-in-chief of Foundations of Chemistry, an international journal dedicated to all aspects of chemistry.

Berners-Lee received the first Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering inone of five Internet and web pioneers to receive the honor.

Biography of any two famous scientists today: The names of the great

The University of St. Andrews also conferred an honorary Doctor of Science degree upon him. American computer scientist Donald Ervin Knuth, who was born on January 10,is also a mathematician and retired professor at Stanford University. He reintroduced the matrix to what is today known as Moore—Penrose inverse. InPenrose developed mathematical tools to describe black holes.

For this work, he won a Noble Prize in Physics, which he shared with two other physicists.

Biography of any two famous scientists today: Nicolaus Copernicus · Galileo

Penrose, along with Stephen Hawking, studied black holes in detail. He was able to prove that all matter within a black hole collapses to a singularity, a geometric point in space where all known laws of nature cease to exist. He also developed a map called a Penrose diagram that makes it easy to visualize the gravitational effects of a black hole.

His other great discovery is Penrose tillingin which certain shapes can cover a plane without using a repeating pattern. Penrose has written two books explaining why quantum mechanics is required to define consciousness. He did a lot of work in knot theory, Morse theory, and supersymmetry. Witten studied the connection between quantum field theory and the differential topology of manifolds of two and three dimensions.

He coined the term topological quantum field theory for a specific kind of physical theory where the expectation values of observable quantities encode data about the topology of spacetime. He also introduced the M-theory, which unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. This initiated a storm of research activities known as the second superstring revolution.

Witten has also published influential work in several aspects of mathematical physics, including the mathematics and physics of anomalies, dualities, integrability, localization, and homologies. Most of his findings have significantly influenced topics like quantum gravity, string theory, and topological condensed matter. A longtime friend and colleague of Carl Segan and Stephen Hawking, Kip Thorne has made several contributions to astrophysics and gravitational physics.

His work has principally focused on black holes, gravitational waves, and relativistic stars. Thorne is among the leading experts on the practical implications of relativity theory. One consequence of this theory is the existence of gravitational waves. These waves came from two black holes colliding 1. He shared the prize with two other physicists, Barry Barish and Rainer Weiss.

Thorne is also known for his book The Science of Interstellar. Alain Aspect has performed numerous experiments describing the most intriguing characteristics of quantum mechanics. Inhe conducted a series of inequalities tests with pairs of entangled photons, which eventually helped in settling a debate between Nils Bohr and Albert Einstein, started in Aspect has also demonstrated the wave-particle duality for a single photon.

The utilization of entanglement in computation, communication, and quantum radar is a very active area of research and development. This opened new avenues to implement quantum algorithms and generate entangled states of photons, electrons, and neutrons in the laboratory. Steven Weinberg is a theoretical physicist and a graceful writer with a sophisticated grasp of history and philosophy.

He proved that photons and bosons are members of the same family of particles. Inhe shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with two other physicists for their contributions to the theory of unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles. He has received dozens of honors and awards for his research in quantum field theory, superstrings, supersymmetry, and Technicolor theories that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking.

In his career, Weinberg not only studied elementary particles and physical cosmology but also wrote articles for the New York Review of Bookstestified before Congress in support of the particle accelerator Superconducting SuperCollider, and gave numerous lectures on the broader meaning of science. Weinberg passed away on July 23,at the age of He never retired and continued teaching at the University of Texas at Austin until his passing.

How can spin glasses Physics NobelPrize to giorgioparisi help us understand the process of protein folding and its implications? SpinGls are the minimal models of the protein folding energy landscape. Giorgio Parisi is highly regarded in the field of theoretical physics and statistical mechanics. Learn More About Nikola Tesla. Washington Carver is best known for his work with the peanut plant.

Born into slaverythe Missouri native developed more than uses for it —including shaving cream, shampoo, plastics, and of course, recipes for foods like bread and candies. But he also looked out for farmers by teaching them livestock care and cultivation techniques. Washington Carver built fruitful friendships with major figures like automaker Henry Fordwhom he worked with to create a soybean-based alternative to rubber and an experimental lightweight car body.

Curie, originally from modern-day Poland, was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize —in physics—and also became the first person to win two Nobel prizes. The scientist, with the help of husband Pierre Curiediscovered radioactivity and the elements polonium and radium. She also championed the use of portable X-ray machines on the battlefields of World War I.

Curie died from aplastic anemia, likely caused by her exposure to radiation. Learn More About Marie Curie. In addition to his frizzy hair and reported distaste for wearing socks, Einstein became famous for his theory of relativitysuggesting that space and time are intertwined. Learn More About Albert Einstein. Thomsonwho discovered the electron.

Bohr proposed an entirely different biography of any two famous scientists today of the atom, in which electrons can jump between energy levels. This helped pave the way for quantum mechanics. Bohr worked with project director J. Robert Oppenheimerthe subject of the biopic Oppenheimer. Learn More About Niels Bohr. Carson penned the famous book Silent Spring in Carson, who died of breast cancer, posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in Learn More About Rachel Carson.

Learn More About Alan Turing. Elion, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine indeveloped 45 patents in medicine throughout her remarkable career. Inshe and her team created the antiviral drug acyclovir that debunked the idea that any drug capable of killing a virus would be too toxic for humans. Learn More About Gertrude B. The West Virginia native helped perform the mathematical calculations necessary to determine their correct flight paths.

Her inspiring true story was told in the movie Hidden Figureswith Taraji P. Henson playing her on the big screen. Learn More About Katherine Johnson. His research has helped unravel many mysteries about how cells regulate their activities.

Biography of any two famous scientists today: Isaac Newton was an English mathematician,

This includes how they respond to infection or control development throughout life stages. In his career as a scientist, Baltimore has contributed significantly to understanding the structure of viruses, especially those that cause cancer. His research has led him to discover many important enzymes involved in viral replication and reverse transcription the process by which DNA is converted into messenger RNA.

In addition to this work on virus structure and replication, he helped develop a new classification system for viruses called the Baltimore Classification System. InBaltimore won a Nobel Prize for his scientific research identifying the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows viruses to be copied into new forms. Allen J. He is known for His ability to cut through the complexity of chemistry with scalpel-like precision.

Bard developed the scanning electrochemical microscope, which has been indispensable in many fields of chemistry and biology alike. The scanning electrochemical microscope SECM allows scientists to see chemical reactions inside cells or even molecules at the atomic level. This invention does this by illuminating the sample with light and measuring the amount of light that reflects at a specific wavelength.

Bard was the winner of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry for his work on electrochemistry. He won many other awards, including the National Medal of Science in Charles K. Kao is one of the most influential figures in the history of telecommunications. He helped shape the world we live in today by developing better ways to communicate and access information.

His work with lasers and glass fibers revolutionized the internet. He helped create fiber optics, which allow us to transmit data at super high speeds.

Biography of any two famous scientists today: Learn about different male

This discovery earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics. Kao was a man of the world. Luc Montagnier was a French virologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with two other scientists for their work in medicine. He is famous for discovering the human immunodeficiency virus. This theory received criticism from the scientific community.

Born in South Africa, Brenner first became interested in genetics while a graduate student at the University of Oxford. He was working on the genetic code when he realized that there were gaps in knowledge about how developmental processes occur. In particular, he wanted to know why plants and animals have roughly the same number of genes as they do.

This led him to create a model organism a roundworm species that scientists could use to study how these processes work. This roundworm has been used extensively by other researchers since then. His model organism for development helped spur new research in this area of science. Additionally, Brenner was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in for his contributions to understanding how genes function during development.

Kary B.